Adenocarcinoma cervical e abandono terapêutico: a ótica dos enfermeiros em uma cidade do extremo norte brasileiro / Cervical adenocarcinoma and therapeutic dropouts: the perspective of nurses in a city in the extreme north of brazil / Adenocarcinoma cervical y abandono terapéutico: la perspectiva de los enfermeros de una ciudad del extremo norte de brasil

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever, na perspectiva do enfermeiro, as causas de abandono das usuárias em tratamento do adenocarcinoma cervical e analisar as propostas para diminuir esse abandono. Método: o estudo é descritivo, qualitativo, do tipo investigação narrativa. Participaram sete enfermeiros assistencialistas, atuantes em uma unidade de alta complexidade oncológica, na cidade de Macapá, capital do estado do Amapá, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado no período de três a 20 de dezembro de 2019. Os dados foram submetidos à análise temática categorial. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias: principais causas de abandono das usuárias em tratamento do adenocarcinoma cervical e estratégias do enfermeiro para a diminuição do abandono do tratamento pelas usuárias. Conclusão: para favorecer o resgate das usuárias, os enfermeiros participantes propõem consulta de Enfermagem e um plano de ação multiprofissional, respeitando as singularidades de cada mulher.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe, from the perspective of nurses, the causes of dropout of users in treatment for cervical adenocarcinoma and analyze the proposals to reduce this dropout. Method: the study is descriptive, qualitative, of narrative research type. Seven care nurses, working in a high complexity oncology unit in the city of Macapá, capital of the state of Amapá, Brazil, participated. The study was conducted in the period from December three to 20, 2019. Data were submitted to categorical thematic analysis. Results: two categories emerged: main causes of dropout of users in treatment for cervical adenocarcinoma and nurse strategies for the reduction of treatment dropout by users. Conclusion: to promote the rescue of the users, the participating nurses propose a Nursing consultation and a multi-professional action plan, respecting the singularities of each woman.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir, desde el punto de vista del enfermero, las causas de abandono de las usuarias en el tratamiento del adenocarcinoma de cuello uterino y analizar las propuestas para disminuir dicho abandono. Método: El estudio es una investigación descriptiva, cualitativa y narrativa. Participaron siete enfermeros asistenciales, que trabajan en una unidad de oncología de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Macapá, capital del estado de Amapá, Brasil. El estudio se realizó en el periodo comprendido entre el 3 y el 20 de diciembre de 2019. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis categórico temático. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías: principales causas de abandono de las usuarias en el tratamiento del adenocarcinoma cervical y estrategias de los enfermeros para reducir el abandono del tratamiento por parte de las usuarias. Conclusión: para favorecer el resguardo de las usuarias, los enfermeros participantes proponen una consulta de Enfermería y un plan de acción multiprofesional, resaltando las singularidades de cada mujer.

Principais implicações terapêuticas à qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer de colo uterino: uma revisão narrativa / Therapeutic implications to the quality of life of cervical cancer's patients: a narrative review

O câncer de colo uterino é o quarto tipo mais incidente e fatal entre as mulheres no Brasil e no mundo, o que representa mundialmente em torno de 600 mil novos casos e mais de 300 mil mortes a cada ano. Assim como o diagnóstico, o tratamento da doença pode impactar de forma significativa a qualidade de vida dessas pacientes. A aplicação de questionários que avaliem os diferentes aspectos da qualidade de vida das mulheres afetadas por esse câncer é uma ferramenta relevante, pois auxilia na compreensão e identificação dos principais danos relacionados ao tratamento. Este trabalho visa analisar a literatura atual que investiga e relata os principais efeitos à qualidade de vida de mulheres com câncer de colo uterino associados a diferentes modalidades terapêuticas e, desse modo, contribuir nas escolhas de tratamento e manejo clínico que resultem em menores impactos à qualidade de vida dessas mulheres.(AU)

Cervical cancer is the fourth most incident and fatal cancer type among women in Brazil and worldwide. This data represents around 600 thousand new cases worldwide each year and more than 300 thousand lives lost. Both diagnosis and treatment can significantly impact the quality of life of cervical cancer patients. The application of questionnaires that assess the different aspects of the quality of life of women affected by this cancer is a relevant tool, as it helps to understand and identify the main damages related to the treatment. This article aims to analyze the current literature that reports the main effects on the quality of life of women with cervical cancer associated with different therapeutic modalities. In this way, the review could assist in the treatment choices that imply less impact on the quality of life of these women.(AU)

Influencia del cáncer cérvico-uterino y la alteración de la salud mental en pacientes menores de 25 años en Ecuador / Influence of cervico-uterine cancer and the alteration of mental health in patients under 25 years of age in Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los problemas sanitarios en los pacientes que padecen cáncer cérvico-uterino influyen en la satisfacción personal y evitan una gran adherencia a la terapia médica, y además están relacionados con un número más notable de efectos secundarios y la estancia en la clínica de emergencia junto afecciones depresivas y problemas de ansiedad. OBJETIVO: Identificar la influencia del cáncer cérvico -uterino en las alteraciones en la salud mental de pacientes menores de 25 años en el Ecuador. METODOLOGÍA: La investigación fue de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo, y de corte transversal. Se utilizaron encuestas de manera virtual dirigida a pacientes menores de 25 años que padecen de cáncer al cuello uterino en diversas Fundaciones que luchan contra el cáncer, contando con una muestra de 178 mujeres, estas se dividieron en 4 categorías: Salud mental, Estrés, Depresión y Total de escalas. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje que se obtuvo de manera general tuvo un rango variado, el 32,9% dio como resultado que la alteración que causa en la mujer es contundente, seguido del 30,6 que su afección en la salud mental es más baja. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye afirmando que el cáncer uterino es el segundo cáncer más prevalente en la mujer, el cual influye de manera progresiva en la salud mental, presentando reacciones negativas y percepciones, falta de control en las emociones, consecuentemente aquello debilita el sistema inmunológico previamente comprometido, generando alteraciones en el curso del tratamiento.

INTRODUCTION: Health problems in patients suffering from cervical-uterine cancer influence personal satisfaction and prevent a high adherence to medical therapy, and are also related to a more notable number of side effects and stay in the emergency clinic together depressive conditions and anxiety problems. OBJECTIVE: To identify the influence of cervical cancer -uterine in the alterations in the mental health of patients under 25 years in Ecuador. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was quantitative, descriptive, andcross-sectional. Surveys were used in a virtual way directed at patients under 25 years of age who suffer from cervical cancer in various Foundations that fight against cancer, with a sample of 178 women, these were divided into 4 categories: Mental health, Stress, Depression and Total stopovers. RESULTS: The percentage that was obtained in a general way had a varied range, 32.9% gave as a result that the alteration it causes in women is overwhelming, followed by 30.6 that their mental health condition is lower. CONCLUSION: It is concluded by stating that uterine cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in women, which progressively influences mental health, presenting negative reactions and perceptions, lack of control over emotions, consequently that weakens the previously compromised immune system, generating alterations in the course of treatment.

Efectos de la enfermedad y tratamiento en la calidad de vida sexual de la mujer con cáncer cérvico uterino / Effects of the disease and treatment in the quality of sexual life of women with cervical uterine cancer

El cáncer cérvico uterino (CaCu) corresponde al 10% de los cánceres femeninos, se describe prevenible y con viabilidad de curación, no obstante, con la optimización de las terapias las sobrevivientes superan los cinco años en el 70% de los casos, evidenciando efectos adversos producto principalmente del tratamiento que deterioran la calidad de vida e impactan sobre su sexualidad. OBJETIVO: Identificar efectos de la enfermedad y tratamiento que comprometen la calidad de vida sexual de la mujer con CaCu. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión de artículos originales entre los años 2010 y 2019 desde las bases de datos Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo, Google Académico, Science Direct, Elsevier, Redalyc, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, Dialnet y Ovid, seleccionando 51 artículos de 90 en inglés, español y portugués a texto completo, que reportaran efectos físicos y psicosociales que comprometieran la calidad de vida sexual de mujeres con CaCu. RESULTADOS: La sexualidad de estas mujeres es impactada por efectos físicos, relacionadas con el estadio de la enfermedad y tratamiento como dispareunia, anorgasmia, alteraciones digestivas, urinarias, insomnio, inapetencia, linfedema y neuropatía periférica. Desde el ámbito psicosocial manifiestan efectos sobre su autoestima, depresión e inseguridad en la permanencia del vínculo de pareja. Emerge la comunicación sexual de pareja como condición categórica en el nivel de afectación de la calidad de vida sexual. CONCLUSIONES: la sexualidad de la mujer con CaCu está comprometida por efectos físicas y psicosociales secundarias principalmente al tratamiento recibido. La comunicación sexual de pareja surge como interviniente para superar estos efectos y debe considerarse en la atención profesional.

Cervical uterine cancer (CaCu) corresponds to 10% of female cancers, it is described as preventable and with viability of cure, however, with the optimization of therapies the survivors exceed five years in 70% of the cases, evidencing adverse effects mainly due to the treatment that deteriorates the quality of life and impact on their sexuality. OBJECTIVE: To identify the effects of the disease and treatment that compromises the quality of sexual life of women with CaCu. METHODOLOGY: Review of original articles between 2010 and 2019 from Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Elsevier, Redalyc, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, Dialnet, and Ovid databases, selecting 51 articles out of 90 in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in full text, which reported physical and psychosocial effects that compromises the quality of sexual life of women with CaCu. RESULTS: The sexuality of these women is impacted by physical effects, related to the stage of the disease and treatment, such as dyspareunia, anorgasmia, digestive and urinary disorders, insomnia, inappetence, lymphedema and peripheral neuropathy. From the psychosocial perspective, they show effects on their self-esteem, depression and insecurity in the permanence of the couple's relationship. Sexual communication between couples is emerging as a categorical condition in the level of affectation of the quality of sexual life. CONCLUSIONS: The sexuality of women with CaCu is compromised by physical and psychosocial effects mainly secondary to the treatment received. Couple's sexual communication emerges as an intervention to overcome these effects and should be considered in professional care.

Health-related quality of life in women with cervical cancer / Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em mulheres com câncer do colo do útero

Abstract Objective To analyze the factors associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in women with cervical cancer (CC) in a single center in Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study in women with a diagnosis of CC followed-up in the gynecology outpatient clinic of the Hospital do Câncer II (HCII, in the Portuguese acronym) of the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA, in the Portuguese acronym). The data were collected from March to August 2015. Women with palliative care, communication/cognition difficulty, undergoing simultaneous treatment for other types of cancer, or undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy were excluded. For the evaluation of the HRQoL, a specific questionnaire for women with CC was used (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Cervix Cancer [FACT-Cx]). The total score of the questionnaire ranges from 0 to 168, with higher scores indicating a better HRQoL. Results A total of 115 women were included in the present study, with a mean age of 52.64 years old (standard deviation [SD] = 12.13). The domains of emotional (16.61; SD = 4.55) and functional well-being (17.63; SD = 6.15) were those which presented the worst scores. The factors that had an association with better HRQoL in women with CC were having a current occupation, a longer time since the treatment and diagnosis, and women who had undergone hysterectomy. Conclusion Considering the domains of HRQoL of the women treated for cervical cancer, a better score was observed in the domains of physical and social/family wellbeing. For most domains, better scores were found between those with a current occupation, with a longer time after the diagnosis and treatment, and among those who had undergone a hysterectomy.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os fatores associados à qualidade de vida em mulheres com câncer de colo do útero tratadas em um hospital de referência no Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal em mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer do colo do útero emseguimento ambulatorial no Hospital de Câncer II (HCII) do Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA). Os dados foram coletados no período de março a agosto de 2015. Foram excluídas as mulheres em cuidados paliativos, comdificuldade de comunicação/cognição, que estavam em tratamento simultâneo para outros tipos de câncer, ou em quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia. Para a avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, foi utilizado um questionário específico para mulheres com câncer de colo do útero (Avaliação Funcional da Terapia do Câncer - Câncer Cervical (FACT-Cx, na sigla em inglês). O escore total do questionário varia de 0 a 168, com escores mais altos indicando melhor qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. Resultados Foram incluídas 115 mulheres com uma média de idade de 52,64 anos (desvio padrão [DP] = 12,13). Os domínios de questões emocionais (16,61; DP = 4,55) e de bem-estar funcional (17,63; DP = 6,15) foram os que apresentaram os piores escores. Os fatores que tiveram associação com melhor qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em mulheres com câncer de colo do útero foram ocupação atual, maior tempo após o tratamento e diagnóstico, e mulheres que haviamsido submetidas a histerectomia. Conclusão Considerando os domínios da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de mulheres tratadas para câncer do colo do útero, foi observado melhor escore nos domínios de bem-estar físico e social. Para amaioria dos domínios, osmelhores escores foram observados entre aquelas com ocupação atual, com mais tempo após o diagnóstico e tratamento, além daquelas que se submeteram a histerectomia.

Exame Papanicolau: fatores que influenciam a não realização do exame em mulheres de 40 a 65 anos / Papanicolau exam: factors that influence the failure to perform the exami-nation in women aged to 40-65 years

Introdução: O câncer de colo de útero é o terceiro tipo de câncer maligno com a maior frequência de acometimento em mulheres no Brasil e em outros países em processo de desenvolvimento. No Brasil, o rastreio desse câncer é realizado utilizando o exame Papanicolau que consiste na coleta de uma pequena amostra celular do epitélio cervical e vaginal, para avaliação microscópica e diagnóstico da presença de câncer ou não. Objetivo: Caracterizar os fatores que influenciam mulheres de 40 a 65 anos de idade a não realizarem o exame Papanicolau. Casuística e Métodos: O estudo foi do tipo descritivo e analítico, com abordagem quantitava. A população foi composta por 200 mulheres cadastradas na Unidade Básica de Saúde escolhida para o local da pesquisa. A coleta de dados foi realizada na unidade de saúde do estudo nos meses de setembro a outubro de 2017. A amostra constou de 30 mulheres que se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de dados foi um questionário não validado estruturado previamente, elaborado pelos autores, contendo questões socio-demográficas e dados referentes ao objetivo do estudo. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a análise estatística descritiva e disponibilizados por meio de tabelas, com auxílio do programa Excel Office 2010. Resultados: Das entrevistadas, 50% possuem entre 40 a 50 anos de idade, 43% possuem ensino fundamental incompleto; 67% tem renda até um salário mínimo. Constatou-se que as entrevistadas tendem a realizar o Papanicolau anualmente, mas existem fatores que influenciam a não realização do exame. Os motivos mais relatados são vergonha, medo e medo do diagnóstico. Conclusão: O medo do diagnóstico e a vergonha são os principais fatores que influenciam a não adesão das mulheres ao exame Papanicolau, na faixa etária estudada. Apesar das estratégias nacionais para aumentar a cobertura do exame, ainda existem essas dificuldades relacionadas a realização, influenciando na baixa cobertura a nível nacional.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third type of malignant cancer with the highest frequency of involvement in women in Brazil and in other countries in the development process. In to track the cancer, the Papanicolau is test performed in Brazil. Consist performed by collecting a small sample of the cervical and vaginal epithelium, then evaluated microscopically, and the presence of cancer or not. Objective: Characterize the factors that influence women between the ages of 40 and 65 not to perform the Papanicolau test. Methods: It was a descriptive and analytical study, with a quantitative approach. The population was composed by 200 women enrolled in the Basic Health Unit chosen for the research site. Data collection was performed at the health unit of the study from September to October 2017. The sample consisted of 30 women who met the inclusion criteria. The instrument used for data collection was an unvalidated questionnaire was a structured questionnaire previously prepared by the authors, containing socio-demographic questions and data referring to the purpose of the study. The collected data was submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and made available through tables, with the assistance of the Excel Office 2010 program. Results: 50% of the women interviewees have between 40 and 50 years of age, 43% have incomplete elementary education; 67% have income up to a minimum wage. It was found that the interviewees tend to perform the Papanicolau annually, but there are factors that influence not to perform like, shame, fear and fear of diagnosis the most reported reasons. Conclusion: The fear, of diagnosis and shame were characterized as the factors that influence the non-adherence of the women in the age group studied to perform the Papanicolau test. Despite national strategies to increase the coverage of the exam, there are still these difficulties related to achievement, influencing the low coverage at the national level.

Creencias sobre el cancer cervicouterino y papanicolaou y su relación con la adherencia al tamizaje / Beliefs about cervical cancer and Pap smear and their relationship with adherence to screening

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Actualmente, las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer cérvicouterino (CC) en Latinoamérica y el Caribe son mayores comparadas con otros países, a pesar de ser altamente prevenible. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la relación entre la adherencia al tamizaje de cáncer cérvicouterino y las creencias sobre el CC y el Papanicolaou (PAP) en mujeres chilenas. MÉTODOS: Estudio realizado en una muestra probabilística de 969 mujeres entre 25 y 64 años de edad, beneficiarias del sistema de salud público y pertenecientes a la comuna de Puente Alto en Santiago, Chile. El reclutamiento y recolección de datos fue entre Marzo 2014 y Octubre 2015. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, adherencia al PAP y creencias en relación al PAP y CC. RESULTADOS: La mayor adherencia al tamizaje de CC tiene relación significativa con el sentimiento de bienestar al estar cuidando la salud, la percepción de menor cantidad de barreras para tomarse el PAP particularmente en mujeres que adhieren en el sistema privado, el conocimiento de la radio o quimioterapia como tratamiento para el CC, la percepción del riesgo personal de desarrollar la enfermedad, saber que los síntomas no son un requisito para el PAP, y la motivación dada por profesionales de salud o la madre. CONCLUSIONES: La adherencia al PAP es multifactorial y las creencias de las mujeres deben ser consideradas para el éxito de un programa de tamizaje eficaz.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Currently, cervical cancer's mortality rates in Latin America and the Caribbean are higher compared to other countries, despite being highly preventable. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between beliefs on CC and PAP test and adherence to screening in Chilean women. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study was carried out in a probabilistic sample of 969 women aged between 25 and 64 years old, belonging to public health care system and enrolled in any of the four selected primary healthcare centers in Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile. Data collection was carried out between March 2014 and October 2015. Socio-demographic variables, adherence to screening and beliefs regarding CC and PAP test were measured. RESULTS: Greater adherence to CC screening has a significant relationship with the feeling of well-being while taking care of one's health, the perception of fewer barriers to the test particularly in women who adhere in the private health care system, knowledge of radio or chemotherapy as a treatment for CC, the perception of the personal risk of developing the disease, knowing that symptoms are not a requirement for the test, and the motivation given by health care professionals or the mother. CONCLUSION: Adherence to screening is multifactorial and women's' beliefs should be considered for the success of an effective screening program.

"Uma doença da mulher": experiência e significado do câncer cervical para mulheres que realizaram o Papanicolau / "A woman's illness": experience and meaning of cervical cancer of woman who underwent Pap test / "Una enfermedad de la mujer": experiencia y significado de cáncer cervical para las mujeres que se sometieron el Papanicolaou

Este artigo busca compreender a experiência e os significados do câncer cervical por mulheres que realizam o Papanicolau. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas, com mulheres, moradoras do Jardim Keralux, localizado na Zona Leste da Cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. O câncer cervical é considerado uma "doença invencível" quando está em estágio avançado, cujas "causas" remetem tanto à precariedade da atenção à saúde quanto às crenças religiosas e às concepções humorais do corpo. Trata-se de uma doença marcada pelas relações de gênero, que definem, assimetricamente, as relações entre o homem e a mulher no interior da família. O câncer cervical é concebido como uma doença do gênero feminino, de maneira que cabe à mulher cuidar de sua saúde por meio do Papanicolau.(AU)

This paper seeks to understand the experience and meanings of cervical cancer for women who underwent Pap Test. We conducted a qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with women who lives at Jardim Keralux, located at the eastern zone in São Paulo city, Brazil. Cervical cancer is considered an "invincible disease" when it is in an advanced stage. Its "causes" refer both to precariousness of the healthcare system, some religious beliefs and somebody humoral conceptions. It is a disease marked by gender relations, which asymmetrically defines the relationship between men and women with their family. Cervical cancer is conceived as a female disease, thus is a women's responsibility to take care of their health through the Pap Test.(AU)

En este artículo se trata de comprender la experiencia y los significados de cáncer cervical para las mujeres que se sometieron a la prueba de Papanicolaou. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas con mujeres que viven en el Jardim Keralux, situados en la zona oriental de la ciudad de Sao Paulo, Brasil. El cáncer cervical se considera una "enfermedad invencible" cuando se encuentra en una fase avanzada. Sus "causas" se refieren a la precariedad del sistema de salud y las creencias religiosas y las concepciones humorales del cuerpo. Es una enfermedad que se caracteriza por las relaciones de género, que define la relación asimétrica entre hombres y mujeres en la familia. El cáncer cervical se concibe como una enfermedad femenina, por tanto, es responsabilidad de las mujeres a cuidar de su salud a través de Papanicolaou.(AU)

Depresión y calidad de vida en mujeres con cáncer de cérvix del Hospital Regional de Encarnación / Depression and quality of life in women with cervical cancer at the Regional Hospital of Encarnación

Introducción: la depresión a consecuencia del cáncer de cérvix es un tema poco investigado a pesar de la relevancia que posee. Objetivo: determinar la calidad de vida y el grado de depresión en estas pacientes con cáncer de cérvix que acuden al Hospital Regional de Encarnación en periodo 2012-2015. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo con componente analítico. Fueron seleccionadas 58 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La calidad de vida se medió con la escala de Mezzich y Cohen y la depresión con el inventario de Beck. Resultados: 46% presentó altibajos normales del estado de ánimo, 5% depresión severa y 12% depresión moderada. En cuanto a la calidad de vida, 79% conservó un nivel de vida alto. La edad mayor a 47 años y no recibir tratamiento oncológico influyeron en un descenso de la calidad de vida de las pacientes. La edad promedio de las pacientes con depresión fue 51 años y en su mayoría agravada por la etapa del climaterio y menopausia. Conclusión: la calidad se vio afectada en 21% y la depresión severa se constató en 5%.

Introduction: depressive symptoms as a consequence of cervical cancer is a subject which has not been researched, enough despite its relevance. Objective: to determine the quality of life and degree of depression in patients with cervical cancer attended to Regional Hospital of Encarnación in the period of 2012-2015. Materials and methods: Prospective and cross-sectional observational study. A total of 58 patients were selected who met the inclusion criteria. Quality of life was measured with the Mezzich and Cohen scale, and depression with Beck's questionnaire. Results: 46% presented normal variabilities of mood, 5% severe depression and 12% moderate depression. In terms of quality of life, 79% kept a high standard of life. Age over 47 years and not receiving cancer treatment had a decrease in patients quality of life. The average age of patients with depression was 51 years and mostly worsen by climacteric and menopause stage. Conclusion: quality was affected in 21% and severe depression was found in 5%.

O custo da cura: vivências de conforto e desconforto de mulheres submetidas à braquiterapia / The healing cost: comfort and discomfort experiences of women undergoing brachytherapy / El costo de la curación: experiencias de comodidad e incomodidad de mujeres sometidas a la braquiterapia

Objetivo: Descrever as vivências de conforto e desconforto de mulheres que se submeteram à braquiterapia para tratamento de câncer do colo uterino. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido em 2013, embasado na Teoria do Conforto de Kolcaba e realizado por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito mulheres que concluíram o tratamento há, no mínimo, seis meses. Resultados: Sobressaíram os seguintes desconfortos: dor do procedimento e dos efeitos pós-tratamento, no contexto físico; medo do desconhecido e do sofrimento, falta de acompanhante, estresse por sentir-se constrangida durante o tratamento, baixa autoestima e trauma psicológico pós-terapia, no contexto psicoespiritual. As medidas de conforto consistiram no diálogo com o profissional, administração de medicações e uso da fé e espiritualidade. Conclusão: Os resultados oferecem subsídios para a prática de profissionais de saúde em relação aos confortos e desconfortos que merecem ser alvo de intervenções na assistência à mulher com câncer.

Objective: To describe the experiences of comfort and discomfort in women who underwent brachytherapy for the treatmentof cervical cancer. Methods: Qualitative study carried out in 2013, based on Kolcaba comfort theory and conducted throughsemi-structured interviews with eight women who have completed treatment, at least, six months ago. Results: The followingdiscomforts stood out: pain in the procedure and in the post-treatment effects, in the physical context; fear of the unknown andsuffering; lack of a companion; stress due to embarrassment during treatment; low self-esteem; and post-therapy psychologicaltrauma, in the psycho-spiritual context. Comfort measures consisted in dialogue with the professional, medication managementand use of faith and spirituality. Conclusion: The results provide support for the practice of health professionals in relation tocomfort and discomfort that deserve to be the target of intervention in terms of the assistance to women with cancer.

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de comodidad e incomodidad en mujeres que se sometieron a la braquiterapia para tratarel cáncer de cuello uterino. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo realizado en 2013, basado en la teoría de comodidade de Kolcabay realizado con ocho mujeres que completaron el tratamiento hace por lo menos seis meses. Resultados: Se destacan lasincomodidades: dolor del procedimiento y de los efectos después del tratamiento, en el contexto físico; miedo a lo desconocidoy al sufrimiento, el estrés por sentirse avergonzada durante el tratamento y baja autoestima y trauma psicológico después dela terapia, en el contexto psicoespiritual. Las medidas para sentirse confortables consistieron en el diálogo com el profesional,administración de medicamentos y el uso de la fe y la espiritualidad. Conclusiones: Los resultados proporcionan subsídiospara la práctica de los profesionales de la salud relacionada con las comodidades e incomodidades que merecen intervencionesen la atención de las mujeres con cáncer.

Representações sociais sobre a doença de mulheres acometidas do câncer cervico-uterino / Representaciones sociales acerca de la enfermedad de las mujeres con cáncer cérvico-uterino / Social representations about the disease of women with cervico-uterine cancer

Objective: understanding the social representation of women about cervical cancer and its implications for care of themselves. Method: this is a qualitative study of a descriptive approach that used as a theoretical role the social representations, taking the interview as a technique for data collection of information. We worked with 35 outpatient women of a referral public hospital in oncology. Results: within the dialogs it was observed that the concept of cervical cancer was closely related to the feeling factor, leading fear and sadness. The evidences also showed that women focused on sexuality and treatment as a life change along the disease. Conclusion: cancer of the cervix produces a great change of life in women who passed through the problem, not just by the physical factors, but quite by the subjective side in fighting the disease.

Objetivo: compreender a representação social de mulheres com câncer de colo de útero e suas implicações para o cuidado de si. Método: um estudo de natureza qualitativa e abordagem descritiva que utilizou como aporte teórico as representações sociais, tendo a entrevista como técnica de coleta de dados das informações. Trabalhamos com 35 mulheres do ambulatório de um hospital público de referência em oncologia. Resultados: dentre os discursos observou-se que o conceito de câncer de colo de útero foi muito relacionado com o fator sentimental, imperando o medo e a tristeza. Os depoimentos mostraram também que as mulheres focaram a sexualidade e o tratamento como mudança de vida no decorrer da doença.Conclusão: o câncer de colo de útero gera uma grande mudança de vida nas mulheres que passam pelo problema, não apenas pelo fator físico, mas muito pelo lado subjetivo no enfrentamento da doença.

Objetivo: comprender la representación social de las mujeres acerca del cáncer cervical y sus implicaciones para el cuidado de sí mismas. Método: este estudio cualitativo de enfoque descriptivo utilizó como aporte teórico las representaciones sociales, tomando la entrevista como técnica de recolección de datos de la información. Trabajamos con 35 mujeres del ambulatorio de un hospital público de referencia en oncología. Resultados: entre los discursos se observó que el concepto de cáncer cervical de útero estaba realmente relacionado con el factor sentimental, que reina el miedo y la tristeza. Los testimonios también mostraron que las mujeres se centraron en la sexualidad y el tratamiento como un cambio de vida ya que la enfermedad avanzaba. Conclusión: el cáncer del cuello del útero produce un gran cambio de vida en las mujeres que pasan por el problema, no sólo por factores físicos, sino todo el aspecto subjetivo en la lucha contra la enfermedad.

Calidad de vida en mujeres con cáncer cérvicouterino / Quality of life in women with cervical cancer

Antecedentes: Son diversos los motivos que pueden afectar la calidad de vida (CV) de la mujer con cáncer cérvicouterino (CC), enfrentan cambios en la esfera física y sexual, como también social y psicológica. Objetivo: Describir la CV de un grupo de mujeres con CC y relacionar sus diferentes dimensiones con el tipo de tratamiento y la etapa del cáncer. Método: Estudio analítico realizado en un grupo de 127 mujeres con CC del área Sur Oriente de Santiago. Para la medición de CV se utilizo el instrumento EORTC QLQ-C30. Resultados: Las mujeres con mayor edad presentaron peor calidad de vida respecto al dominio físico. El tratamiento que la mujer recibe se relaciona con el dominio físico. No existen diferencias en la calidad de vida según las etapas FIGO. En el análisis multivariado el tipo de tratamiento y su interacción con la edad predicen la dimensión física, del rol, funcionamiento emocional y algunos síntomas como insomnio y diarrea. Conclusión: Evaluaciones de CV durante el curso de la enfermedad son útiles para la proyección de los resultados en salud a mediano y largo plazo y debiera incorporarse en la evaluación de las pacientes con CC de forma rutinaria y estandarizada, con el objetivo de realizar intervenciones apropiadas según la evidencia reportada.

Background: Quality of life (QOL) in women with cervical cancer can be affected by different reasons, because those women face not only changes in the physical and sexual domains, but also in social and psychosocial. Aim: To describe the QOL of a group of women with cervical cancer (CC) and to relate its different dimensions to the treatment and stage of cancer. Method: Analytical study was conducted on a group of 127 women with CC. Results: The age of women negatively correlated with the physical dimension. The type of treatment correlated negatively the physical, role and social domain, and it correlated positively with the fatigue symptom. The FIGO stage does not correlate in the univariate analysis. The type of treatment, with or without age interaction, predicts the physical, role, emotional domain and some symptoms such as insomnia and diarrhea in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: QOL assessments during the course of CC disease are useful to projecting health outcomes to medium and long term and it should be incorporated as a routinely and standardized evaluation in order to make appropriate interventions.

Qualidade de vida em mulheres submetidas a tratamento para o câncer do colo do útero: uma revisão sistemática da literatura / Quality of life in women undergoing treatment for cervical cancer: a systematic review of the literature

Tem sido observado o aumento do número de sobreviventes ao câncer do colo do útero, o que também está associado aos avanços científicos na abordagem terapêutica da doença. Porém, o tratamento desta neoplasia pode, por outro lado, levar a efeitos adversos tardios, como disfunções sexuais, intestinais e urinárias, que podem comprometer a qualidade de vida (QV) destas mulheres. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática a respeito da QV em mulheres submetidas ao tratamento para o câncer do colo uterino. Realizou-se, então, busca nas bases de dados bibliográficos Medline e LILACS para identificar artigos originais, disponíveis na íntegra, publicados entre 2005 e 2012, no idioma inglês. A partir da análise dos artigos considerados, percebe-se o impacto negativo das intervenções terapêuticas, especialmente da radioterapia e suas sequelas na função sexual e QV. Além disso, destacam-se outros fatores associados à QV relacionados às características individuais, à rede social de apoio, à gravidade da doença e ao tratamento instituído. Verifica-se, então, a importância da avaliação da QV e do conhecimento dos fatores associados, visando auxiliar na adoção de estratégias que possam propiciar um atendimento mais integral...

It has been observed the increase of the number of cervical cancer survivors, which is also associated with scientific advances in the therapeutic management of the disease. However, the treatment of this malignancy can lead to late adverse effects such as sexual, intestinal and urinary dysfunctions, which can compromise women's quality of life. The present study aims to conduct a systematic review about life quality in women undergoing treatment for cervical cancer. We searched the bibliographic databases Medline and LILACS to identify full original articles, published between 2005 and 2012, in English. One realizes the negative impact of therapeutic interventions, especially radiotherapy and its sequelae in sexual function and quality of life. In addition, we highlight other factors associated to quality of life related to individual characteristics, the social support network, the severity of disease and treatment. Thus, it is important to assess quality of life and to know the associated factors, to aid in the adoption of strategies that can provide a more comprehensive...

"Tem mulher, tem preventivo": sentidos das práticas preventivas do câncer do colo do útero entre mulheres de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / "Where there's a woman, there's a Pap smear": the meanings assigned to cervical cancer prevention among women in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil / "Hay mujer, hay Papanicolaou": sentidos de las prácticas preventivas del cáncer de cuello de útero entre mujeres de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender os significados das práticas preventivas do câncer do colo do útero entre mulheres de bairros populares de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, baseado na análise de conteúdo de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 15 mulheres entre 24 e 68 anos. Os resultados evidenciam alta valorização do Papanicolaou, que é realizado como parte de exames de rotina, sem, no entanto, sustentar-se no conhecimento biomédico sobre as suas funções. Além da acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde e da qualidade destes, outros fatores interferem na forma como essas mulheres significam a prevenção do câncer do colo do útero. Valores morais associados à sexualidade e ao gênero interferem na percepção de risco, na adoção de práticas preventivas e na interpretação dos resultados da citologia cervical. A realização continuada do Papanicolaou faz parte da construção da feminilidade, que é associada com maturidade e responsabilidade pessoal pelo cuidado de si em um contexto de medicalização do corpo feminino.

This study focuses on the meanings assigned to practices for cervical cancer prevention among women from low-income neighborhoods in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. This was a qualitative study based on content analysis of semi-structured interviews with 15 women 24 to 68 years of age. The results showed high appreciation of the Pap smear test, performed as part of routine gynecological examination (but without the patient necessarily having biomedical knowledge of its role). Besides accessibility and quality of health services, other factors influence the way the women assign meaning to cervical cancer prevention. Moral values associated with sexuality and gender influence risk perception, adoption of preventive practices, and interpretation of cervical cytology results. The ongoing practice of the Pap smear test is part of the construction of femininity, which is associated with maturity and personal responsibility for self care in a context of medicalization of the female body.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprender los significados de las prácticas preventivas del cáncer de cuello de útero entre mujeres de barrios populares de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, basado en el análisis de contenido de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 15 mujeres entre 24 y 68 años. Los resultados evidencian una alta valorización del Papanicolaou, que es realizado como parte de exámenes de rutina sin estar basado, no obstante, en el conocimiento biomédico sobre sus funciones. Más allá de la accesibilidad y de la calidad de los servicios de salud, otros factores influyen en la forma en que estas mujeres consideran la prevención del cáncer de cuello de útero. Los valores morales asociados a la sexualidad y al género influyen en la percepción de riesgo, en la adopción de prácticas preventivas y en la interpretación de los resultados de la citología cervical. La realización continuada del Papanicolaou forma parte de la construcción de la feminidad, que está asociada con la madurez y la responsabilidad personal por el cuidado de uno mismo en un contexto de medicalización del cuerpo femenino.

Estilos de afrontamiento en pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino. Servicio de ginecología de un instituto nacional / Coping styles in patients with cervical cancer. Gynecology service of a National Institute

Objetivo: determinar los estilos de afrontamiento en las pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra fue de 150 pacientes en un hospital nacional de enfermedades neoplásicas. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario validado, estructurado con 30 preguntas relaciona das con estilos de afrontamiento: problema, emoción, adicionales. El inventario se sometió a una prueba piloto, obteniendo la confiabilidad de   = 0,73. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante la entrevista con previo consentimiento informado, luego, los datos se analizaron porcentualmente en el programa SPSS versión 17. Resultados: el estilo positivo más empleado enfocado a la emoción fue ®siempre¯: busco la ayuda de Dios, el 87%; enfocado al problema fue ®a menudo¯: elaboró un plan de acción, el 73,3%; el estilo adicional: me vuelco en el trabajo y en otras actividades sustitutivas para apartar cosas de mi mente, el 65%. Los estilos de afrontamiento adicionales negativos más empleado fue ®a veces¯: reduzco la cantidad de esfuerzo que pongo en marcha para resolver el problema, el 79%; enfocado a la emoción: siento mucho malestar emocional y termino por expresar ese malestar, el 70%; enfocado al problema ®a menudo¯: me obligo a esperar el momento adecuado para hacer algo, el 53,3%. Conclusiones: los estilos de afrontamiento más empleados por las pacientes fueron los estilos positivos y enfocados a la emoción.

Objective: Determine coping styles of patients with cervical cancer. Material and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample was 150 patients in a national hospital of neoplastic diseases. For data collection we use a validated questionnaire, it was structured with 30 questions related to coping styles as: problem, emotion, additional, the inventory was underwent by a pilot test, obtaining the reliability of   = 0.73. Data were collected by interview with informed consent, after that, data were analyzed by percentage terms in the program SPSS version 17. Results: The most used positive style focused on emotion was ®always¯: I look God’s help 87%, focused on the problem was ®often¯: I make a plan of action 73.3%, the additional style: I turn to work or another substitute activities to take my mind of things. 65%. The additional negative coping style most often used ®sometimes¯ was: I reduce the amount of effort which I’m putting into solving the problem 79%, focused on the emotion: I feel a lot of emotional distress and I find myself expressing those feelings a lot 70%, focused on the problem ®often¯: I force myself to wait for the right time to do something 53.3%. Conclusions. The most used coping styles by patients were positives and focused to emotion.

Knowledge and attitudes as predictors of cervical cancer screening among women in a Venezuelan urban area / Conocimientos y actitudes como predictores en la pesquisa del cuello uterino en mujeres en un área urbana venezolana

The purpose of this research was to investigate how the knowledge and attitudes have influence in Cervical Cancer (CC) screening among Venezuelan women, by realizing a cross-sectional descriptive study based on a structured non disguised questionnaire with closed ended questions: yes/no questions and multiple choices. The survey was performed on 691 volunteers, of which 595 were analyzed. Each patient was asked to fill in the questionnaire. Four hundred ninety three of 522 (94.4%) answered that they knew that Pap smear is for screening CC. Knowledge of Pap smear was statistically significant when it was compared to high educational level (p<0.0001) although 185 (76%) of 244 low educational level interviewees answered that they had the knowledge that the Pap smear is used for screening of CC. Four hundred four of 504 (84.7%; p<0.001) mentioned that they had a Pap smear at least once. One hundred ninety two (38.1%) of 504 women were adherent to an annual Pap smear test and more than half of the women (n=337, 67%) had the last Pap smear in the last 1-3 years. Women with a high educational level showed higher adherence to the annual Pap smear screening (68.2%). Two hundred fifty seven (87.4%) of 294 said that they remembered when they got the information about Pap smear. The conclusions of this investigation were that our women were aware about Pap smear, had a good attitude to have a Pap smear and to be adherent to a regularly performed screening.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar como el conocimiento y las actitudes que poseen las mujeres venezolanas son elementos que influencian la pesquisa del Cáncer del Cuello Uterino (CCU). La investigación consistió en un estudio descriptivo transversal basado en un cuestionario estructurado no disfrazado con preguntas cerradas, usando respuestas si/no y múltiple escogencia. Se entrevistaron 691 mujeres; 595 fueron analizadas. Cada paciente llenó el cuestionario. Cuatrocientos noventa y tres de 522 (94,4%) respondieron que sabía que la citología cervico-vaginal (CCV) es para la pesquisa del CCU. El conocimiento sobre la utilidad de la CCV fue estadísticamente significativo cuando se comparó el nivel educacional de las entrevistadas (p<0,0001), sin embargo, 185 (76%) de 244 mujeres con bajo nivel educacional respondieron que ellas tenían el conocimiento sobre la utilidad de la CCV en la pesquisa del CCU. Cuatrocientos cuatro de 595 (84,7%; p<0,001) mencionaron que ellas se había realizado al menos una CCV. Ciento noventa y dos de 504 entrevistadas (38,1%) se realizaban una CCV anual y más de la mitad (n=337, 67%) de ellas se practicaban la CCV entre 1-3 años. Las mujeres con un nivel educacional elevado fueron más inclinadas a realizarse su CCV anual (68,2%). Doscientos cincuenta y siete (87,4%) de 294 entrevistadas mencionaron que ellas recordaban cuando se enteraron de la utilidad de la CCV. Las conclusiones de esta investigación fueron que nuestras mujeres están concientes de la utilidad de la CCV, tienen una buena actitud a realizársela, así mismo de practicársela regularmente.

Creencias sobre Papanicolaou y cáncer cérvicouterino en un grupo de mujeres chilenas / Beliefs about Papanicolaou and cervical cancer in a group of Chilean women

ANTECEDENTES: Son variadas las descripciones en relación a las creencias y como estas se relacionan con las conductas preventivas en cáncer cérvicouterino. OBJETIVO: Describir las creencias que tienen un grupo de mujeres chilenas pertenecientes al sistema público de atención acerca del Papanicolaou y cáncer cérvicouterino. MÉTODO: Estudio analítico de corte transversal realizado en 333 mujeres chilenas. Se estudiaron las creencias sobre el Papanicolaou y el cáncer cérvicouterino con un instrumento desarrollado y validado en población chilena (CPC-28). RESULTADOS: El 96% de las mujeres refiere tener un Papanicolaou en los últimos 3 años. El antecedente familiar es reportado por el 49,8% como causa de cáncer cérvicouterino. La barrera principal para adherir al Papanicolaou es la falta de conocimiento en cuanto a la edad requerida. La principal señal de acción que impulsa a que la mujer adhiera al tamizaje es la indicación entregada por el doctor. El beneficio mas importante es el cuidado de la salud. El 14,1% señala la presencia de relaciones sexuales como necesaria para adherir al tamizaje. El 17,4% de las mujeres se percibe fuera de riesgo de desarrollar un cáncer cérvicouterino. Las 6 dimensiones estudiadas se correlacionan entre si. CONCLUSIÓN: Las creencias deben ser consideradas al momento de intervenir una población, empezando por valorarlas y comprenderlas para posteriormente poder modificarlas.

BACKGROUND: Many reasons has been described about relation between beliefs and cervical cancer behaviors. OBJECTIVE: To describe the beliefs about cervical cancer and Pap test in a group of chilean women. METHOD: Cross sectional and analytic study was done with 333 chilean women. Beliefs about cervical cancer and Pap test was studied with the CPC-28 questionnaire, developed and validated in Chilean population. RESULTS: 96% have had a Pap test in the last 3 years. Family history about cervical cancer was reported by 49.8% as a cause of cervical cancer. The principal barrier to Pap test was lack of knowledge about the age. The principal cue to action was the doctor recommendation. The benefit was the care of health. The sexual intercourse was reported by 14.1% as necessary to take a Pap test. The risk to develop cervical cancer is reported by 17.4%. The six dimensions studied were correlated between them. CONCLUSION: The beliefs must be considered to education programs, firstly understanding and then modifying them.

Perceptions and concerns of women undergoing Pap smear examination in a tertiary care hospital of India.

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of deaths due to cancer among women in India. Pap smear is one of the best methods to detect early changes in cervix. However, there is lack of data on awareness level of women about Pap smear and various risk factors for cervical cancer. Objectives: To study the awareness about various risk factors for cervical cancer, health-seeking behavior and hygienic practices among women and to assess the distress experienced by these women before the Pap smear examination. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on women coming for a Pap smear examination in a tertiary teaching hospital in New Delhi. A pretested interview schedule was used to get information after obtaining their informed consent. Results: Fifty-seven percent stated that they did not consult a doctor when they noticed the symptoms the first time. Sixty-one percent did not know what a cervical cancer is and a same percentage of women did not know what a Pap smear examination was. Older age group, Muslim and literate women had higher number of abnormal Pap smear results. Women who reported being stressed in their lives had higher number of abnormal smears as compared to women who claimed to lead a stress free life. Poor hygienic practices among these women from urban areas were also associated with abnormal Pap smear results. Conclusion: The study concluded that factors such as poor awareness, shyness, poor hygiene, and old age could be responsible for abnormal Pap smears and this needs special attention in cancer prevention activities of the government.